CLINICAL NOTES

     Toxoplasma Gondii     - World wide distributed     - All the 3 forms occur in cats and other definitive host     - Human and birds are intermediate host.     Morphology:     -  Parasite exist in 3 phases:     a. Trophozoite     b. Tissue cyst     c. Oocyst     A.  Trophozoite     - Crescent shaped     - Anterior ends is pointed     - Posterior end is round     - Can invade nucleated cells     - Nucleus is spherical near the blunt end     B. Tissue Cyst:     -  Crescent shaped     - Formed during chronic infection.     - Found in muscles, other tissues and organs     - Cyst is round or oval, nucleus at posterior end     - Nucleus at posterior     C. Oocyst:     - Present in cat     - Oval or spherical in shape with sporoblast ...

        Giardia Lamblia           - Present in duodenum and upper part of jejunum.      Morphology          -  Parasite exist in 2 phases:          a. Trophozoite          b. Cyst      A.  Trophozoite     - It's shape is like tennis racket     - Dorsal surface convex, ventral surface concave with sucking     - Anterior end is round, posterior end is pointed     - It's bilaterally symmetrical     - Trophozoite is motile by flagella     B. Cyst     - Cyst is oval in shape     - Contain 4 nucleus      Life Cycle:           Infection of man occurs by ingestion of cyst in contaminated food and water.     Pathogenesis:     - Continues looseness of bowl     - Silent cas...

Parasitology :     Medical parasitology deals with the study of parasites which infect and produce diseases in human beings. Protozoal Helminths        1. Amoeba      Entameba histolytica           E.gangivalis                                                   Balantidium       1. Trematodes      Faciola species      Schistosoma species                            2.Flagellates      Giardia lamblia      Tricomonas vaginalis      Lieshmania species        2. Nematodes      Round Worm      Hook Worm      Thread Worm    ...

Gram's Stain     Principle:          The basic dye (methyl violet) is retained even after decolorization with acetone in gram-positive bacteria.           In gram - negative bacteria on decolorization with aacetone, basic dye comes out.      Procedure: Spread the material containing bacteria on a clean glass slide and dry it. Pass the slide over the flame once or twice to fix the smear. Cover the smear with Crystal violet for 1 minute. Wash the slide with the water and cover the smear with Gram's Iodine for 1 minute. Drain off Gram's Iodine. Add Acetone over the smear and immediately wash the slide with water. Cover the smear with diluted Carbol Fuchsin (1:20). Keep it up for 1-2 minutes. Wash the slide with water and then dry it and see the smear under microscope (100x). Keep the condenser upward.      Result: Gram - Positive Bacteria are seen deep violet in color. Gram - Negative Bacteria a...